It is no surprise that proteins—the essential machines of life—are not likely to have evolved. At least, that is, if you believe in science. Even according to evolutionists and the most optimistic assumptions possible, the evolution of proteins is so unlikely it is beyond practical consideration. While this conclusion is intuitive and hardly surprising, there are several reasons for it. One of the reasons is that the scenarios evolutionists typically envision involve the pre existence of proteins. For instance, proteins are needed to create proteins, at least in today’s biological world. Indeed, proteins are also required for life as we know it. So the first proteins would have had to evolved in a very different kind of biological world. Another reason why protein evolution is difficult is that the fitness landscape in protein sequence space is mostly flat and rugged. A few random mutations will quickly degrade protein function and most of the hyper-dimensional sequence space has little or no function and is far from a useful protein. It is extremely difficult for a random sequence to migrate via mutations close enough to a useful protein for natural selection to take over. In fact this challenge makes the protein evolution difficult regardless of whether proteins already exist. But in spite of this problem, evolutionists believe that protein evolution is not a significant problem. Recently an evolutionist commented that it is “basically a solved problem.” Read more