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Karl Popper on “adaptive” as a tautology

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Someone must really do a word study sometime on the many tautologies associated with Darwinism. One that appears in quite a few science media releases is “adaptive.”

Science philosopher Karl Popper noted,

To say that a species now living “is adapted to its environment is almost tautological,” Popper wrote. “Adaptation or fitness is defined by modern evolutionists as survival value, and can be measured by actual success in survival. There is hardly any possibility of testing a theory as feeble as this.” [Popper, *Unended Quest* 1974, p. 168]

A friend notes that R.C. Lewontin said something similar. He doubted that “adaptive” could be a useful term said so repeatedly in the late 1970s, for example,

In order to make the argument that a trait is an optimal solution to a particular problem, it must be possible to view the trait and the problem in isolation, all other things being equal. If other things are not equal, if a change in a trait as a solution to one problem changes the organism’s relation to other problems of the environment, it becomes impossible to carry out the analysis part by part, and we are left in the hopeless position of seeing the whole organism as being adapted to the whole environment.”

File:A small cup of coffee.JPG But it sounds so sciencey, it has just got to mean something!

See also: Finally, retiring the term “living fossil” is hot?

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Comments
PaV - there are, however, Austrian philosophers "now living". So they must be adapted to some environment. We could therefore ask which environments they are adapted to by putting them in different environments and seeing how well they faired. Outer space is an extreme example, but it can be done for other environments too.Bob O'H
February 28, 2016
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Bob O'H: Popper’s argument doesn’t work. One can measure survival in different environments, and see how much it varies. I think a thought experiment would be enough to show that Austrian philosophers are not adapted to outer space or Mars.Popper’s argument doesn’t work. One can measure survival in different environments, and see how much it varies. I think a thought experiment would be enough to show that Austrian philosophers are not adapted to outer space or Mars. Here's the quote again from Popper: To say that a species now living “is adapted to its environment is almost tautological,” Popper wrote. “Adaptation or fitness is defined by modern evolutionists as survival value, and can be measured by actual success in survival. There is hardly any possibility of testing a theory as feeble as this.” The key words, I believe, are "now living." There are "now" no Austrian philosophers living in outer space or Mars. If, however, there were Austrian philosophers "now living" in outer space or on Mars, then Darwinists would say they are "adapted" to outer space. "Now living" and "adapted" are interchangeable; one adds nothing to the other. There are no butterflies "now living" in the ocean. Obviously butterflies are not "adapted" to the ocean. Etc. Hence the feebleness of this definition.PaV
February 27, 2016
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http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjvo6-e_ZLLAhVIyj4KHeJGAeMQFggyMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.sciencenet.cn%2Fhome.php%3Fmod%3Dattachment%26id%3D26741&usg=AFQjCNEejjpPBhrPLiIN8glOISxGl2dHkA&sig2=jN-kRFhUNwsj3G7LlZCk2g&bvm=bv.115339255,d.cWw
And yet I believe I have taken the theory almost at its best— almost in its most testable form. One might say that it “almost predicts” a great variety of forms of life.283 In other fields, its predictive or explanatory power is still more disappointing. Take “adaptation”. At first sight natural selection appears to explain it, and in a way it does; but hardly in a scientific way. To say that a species now living is adapted to its environment is, in fact, almost tautological. Indeed we use the terms “adaptation” and “selection” in such a way that we can say that, if the species were not adapted, it would have been eliminated by natural selection. Similarly, if a species has been eliminated it must have been ill adapted to the conditions. Adaptation or fitness is defined by modern evolutionists as survival value, and can be measured by actual success in survival: there is hardly any possibility of testing a theory as feeble as this.284 And yet, the theory is invaluable. I do not see how, without it, our knowledge could have grown as it has done since Darwin. In trying to explain experiments with bacteria which become adapted to, say, penicillin, it is quite clear that we are greatly helped by the theory of natural selection. Although it is metaphysical, it sheds much light upon very concrete and very practical researches. It allows us to study adaptation to a new environment (such as a penicillin-infested environment) in a rational way: it suggests the existence of a mechanism of adaptation, and it allows us even to study in detail the mechanism at work. And it is the only theory so far which does all that. This is, of course, the reason why Darwinism has been almost universally accepted. Its theory of adaptation was the first nontheistic one that was convincing; and theism was worse than an open admission of failure, for it created the impression that an ultimate explanation had been reached.
Jim Smith
February 25, 2016
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mahuna at 2, cave fish blindness CAN be reversed. The eyes are not needed, and their loss was caused by different non-lethal deteriorations, so "blind Mexican cavefish are considered an excellent model for studying evolution, with revealing results. In the lab, researchers have mated blind cave fish from separate and distant underwater caves and produced sighted offspring. Apparently, separate mutations had produced the blindness, and some hybrid offspring inherited a mix that includes enough genes for functioning sight. So no irrevocable devolution had taken place after all." http://www.evolutionnews.org/2015/08/devolution_gett098881.htmlNews
February 25, 2016
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There is of course the good chance that a species simply wanders into a new environment and happens to do well there. That is, humans can and do live all over the planet. We even go to the top of Mount Everest and the South Pole just to prove we can do it if we choose to. But all this wandering and settling is done by the same species, and we "adapt" to the local differences not by changing our DNA but by changes in our culture. And for at least the last 10,000 years, we've adapted by changing the environment. I would like to see at some point a convincing explanation for blind species that live in caves. Why does blindness drive out vision? And can it be reversed? That is, if the cave were suddenly cracked open to the sky, would the blind fish again become sighted?mahuna
February 25, 2016
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Popper's argument doesn't work. One can measure survival in different environments, and see how much it varies. I think a thought experiment would be enough to show that Austrian philosophers are not adapted to outer space or Mars. Lewontin's argument has more force: it may or may not be a problem. It obviously relies on changes in one trait having a substantial effect on other functional traits, something which may or may not be true. If it is true the there are a couple of approaches one could take to solve the problem: one is to use a multi-factoral experimental design, where several traits are allowed to vary. This way the effects of individual traits (and the effects of the interactions of several traits) can be analysed. The second is to accept the correlation between traits as inevitable, and to acknowledge that a trait can have indirect effects (this is what we do with the multi-variate breeders equation, for example). Of course, this means that it is more difficult/impossible to isolate the direct effects of the trait, but that may or may not be a problem: it depends on the questions that are being asked (e.g. if one just wants to predict the evolutionary response to a change in a trait then it doesn't matter if the effects are direct or indirect).Bob O'H
February 25, 2016
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